logseq-notes/journals/2026_05_28.md

• #PSYCH1101

  • Chapter 2 Presentation

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    • Use of Research Information
      • Example: DARE Program
      • Used in 75% of schools and 40 countries worldwide
      • Research states that the program has little effect on whether or not someone uses alcohol or drugs
      • Facts- observable realities
      • Opinions- personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes
    • Deductive Reasoning:
      • Results are predicted based on a general premise
    • Inductive reasoning:
      • conclusions are drawn from observations
    • Theory
      • Well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
    • Hypothesis
      • tentative an testable statement about the realtionship between two or more variables
    • Falsifiable
      • able to be disproven
    • Clinical or Case Study
      • observational research study focusing on one or a few people
    • Generalizing
      • Inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population
    • Naturalistic Observation
      • Observation of behavior in its natural setting
    • Observer Bias
      • when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations
    • Inter-rater reliability
      • measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event
    • Archival research
      • method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
    • Longitudinal research
      • studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measure repeatedly over an extended period of time
    • Cross-sectional research
      • compares multiple segments of a population at a single time
    • Attrition
      • reductions in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

    • Correlational Research

      • Correlation
        • relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does
      • correlation coefficient
        • number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r
      • positive correlation
        • two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller
      • Negative correlation
        • two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thin as no correlation
      • Confounding Variable
        • unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables
      • Illusory correlations
        • seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists
      • confirmation bias
        • tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs
      • experimental group
        • group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance
      • control group
        • serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups
      • Preventing Bias
        • Single Blind study
        • Double-blind study
      • Operational definition
      • Experimenter bias
      • Placebo Effect
      • Reliability
        • consistency and reproducibility of a given result
      • validity
        • accuracy of a given result in measuring what is designed to measure
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